Advance Studies in International Police Departments Essay - 2200 Words

Advance Studies in International Police Departments (Essay Sample) Content: AFGHANISTAN POLICE REFORMSStudents name:Course:Date:Afghanistan Police ReformsThe police and security sectors are significant for combating threats to security and protecting citizens. Many countries globally are undertaking national police reforms to improve their ability to combat crime and ensure that there is efficient services delivery. However, most strategies put in place have been insufficient; leading to escalating threats and poor service delivery. Afghanistan is one of the countries that has been implementing various police strategies in an effort to restore public confidence in the delivery of its services. The Afghanistan reform programs have targeted the media, police organizations, grassroot activists, policy makers and civil society groups. Gross (2009) asserts that the reforms have led to substantial transformation of the police sector. However, the reforms have not restored public confidence, and have been associated with a lot of corruption. Despite the significant improvements in the sector, one could argue that the reformed police strategies in Pakistan over the past fifteen years have been insufficient, and are unsustainable.Current StatusAfghanistan has for a long period lacked a strong and effective police force. The progress made within the 1970s was lost because of the war that followed in the next two decades. According to Murray (2007), the Taliban defeat in the wake of 2001 led to a power vacuum. Oneill (2005) suggests that this was exploited by anti-Taliban Northern Alliance commanders who filled most of the police forces with inexperienced and untrained private militias. Gross (2009) articulates that the main challenge in 2002 was to create an efficient police force from the untrained force with little infrastructure and equipment. Currently, the police sector supported by about twenty-five states and various international organizations.The Afghan National Police is Afghanistans main police institution, and consist s of: Afghan Uniformed Police, Afghan Border police, Afghan National Civil Order Police, and the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan. According to Wilder (2007), a temporary force was established in 2006, the Afghanistan National Auxiliary Police, that was separate from the Afghan National Police. Its major role was offer support to counter-insurgency operations. Prenzler and Ransley (2002) suggest that the Afghan National Police is supervised by the Ministry of Interior. This ministry is also responsible for the supervision of district and provincial administration as well as the implementation of the countrys counter-narcotics policies.Since 2006, the country has been increasing the number of its police force. For example, Hayes and Sedra (2008) found out that in 2013, the number of police officers had increased to 157,000 officers from 62,000 in 2006. This represents a growth of more than one hundred and fifty per-cent over the entire period. Prenzler and Ransley (2002) postu late that by the end of 2014, the number is anticipated to be about 160, 000 officers. It has also invested in training, and tried to create gender balance. The need for more policewomen was agreed after 2006 when only one hundred and eighty police officers were women of the sixty-three thousand officers. Foundation for ReformsSocio-political factorsAfghanistan police sector had overwhelming corruption and disorganization. It was common to find people with minimal qualifications and responsibilities holding senior ranks. This period was manifested by total mismanagement hence people utilized bribery and other forms of corruption to get prominent positions in the police sector. As a result, Prenzler and Ransley (2002) point out that service delivery was poor, ineffective and inefficient.Moreover, many administrators within the Interior Ministry violated human rights and were involved in corruption. Corruption, disorganization and human rights violations were the socio-political fact ors that made people demand for reforms within the sector. As a result, there was need to repair and reorganize the ailing ministry. Protection of the local population in rural areas has been one of the main challenges in Afghanistan. The country realized that if it protected its local population well, it could deal with the problem of insecurity more efficiently. However, this could only be possible through increasing the ratio of police personnel per the number of people. It, therefore, established that for every fifty people, one security personnel was required. Subsequent efforts in reforming the police sector incorporated this concept. Despite not achieving the target, significant improvements have been made (Gross, 2009). Economic factorsVarious economic factors also contributed to police reforms. According to Murray (2007) inadequate police infrastructure and equipment were contributing to the ineffectiveness of Afghanistan National Police. Besides, a lot of funds were being spent on the police sector with no substantial improvements. The government, therefore, deemed it necessary to implement financial reforms to curb the situation. As a result, most of the subsequent donor funds were re-directed to the police sector. They have been used in the renovation and construction of police infrastructure. Control systems have also been put in place to manage the way funds are utilized.Nevertheless, the government realized that most of its police officers were either undertrained or untrained. As a result, service delivery was inefficient, and most of the officers were earning undeserved salaries. According to Murray (2007), the situation was causing embezzlement of public funds, and led to the need for training of the officers. Training aimed at inculcating values, skills and knowledge in the police to enhance decision-making. To this effect, various training programs were established to ensure that police officers were well-trained before being deployed. Refo rm InitiativesAccording to Murray (2007), reform initiatives within the police sector in Afghanistan commenced in 2002. However, Gross (2009) asserts that substantial improvements were made since 2005. This was when the government embarked on a Rank Reform Initiative after realizing that financing and purchase of equipment alone were not successful in reforming the sector. Murray (2007) suggests that the initiatives main objective was to replace and overhaul the existing leadership composition and structure. The government conducted background checks on potential eligible candidates in an effort to replace leaders with previous corruption records and human rights violations. Gross (2009) suggests that a salary reform was also established to match the new employees salaries with that of their counterparts holding similar positions in the Afghan National Army. It has been realized that the "sergeants" role is not well developed. Besides, it is mostly overlooked by the reputation as sociated with being a commissioned, regular, officer (lieutenant or higher). Moreover, Prenzler and Ransley (2002) point out the lack of emphasis on subordinate positions has stunted the definition of ranks, their roles as well as responsibilities. As a result, the Ministry of Interior has undergone a rank reform process. Gross (2009) points out that this has led to the phasing out of the Senior Captain and Third Lieutenant ranks. Moreover, a disproportionate number of senior ranking police officers have been eliminated due to the Rank Reform Initiative. The table below indicates the known alternative ranks being put in place.Table 1.0: Showing the alternative ranks being implemented.Current RankAlternative TitleSenior SergeantFirst SergeantStaff Sergeant Second SergeantSergeant Third SergeantFirst PatrolmanSoldierSecond PatrolmanSoldierSource: The Researcher, 2014. The main objectives of the rank and payment reforms are: to increase payment in order to facilitate retention and recruitment process as well as to reduce corruption.to institute a thorough process for selecting and testing officers on the basis of merit rather than bribery and factional connections and bribery (Murray, 2007).to facilitate the restructuring of an inefficient police force through the reduction of senior officer positionsThe most significant element of the rank and pay reform was the establishment of a merit-based process during the police officers selection. However, President Karzai disrupted the process by appointing fourteen unqualified police chiefs. Murray (2007) asserts that this led to the establishment of a board to review the appointments. Consequently, eleven of the police chiefs were substituted. Despite the flaw in concurrent appointments, the initiative has led to significant improvements of the police sector. The main challenge, however, remains ensuring that promotions and appointments are done on a merit basis rather than being disregarded by influe ntial politicians. This could be a crucial step towards enhancing the sustainability of the initiative. According to Murray (2007), the salary reform is implemented in phases. Besides, Gross (2009) suggests that there is a link between the pay and the rank reform. Prenzler and Ransley (2002) point out the higher the rank and level of responsibility, the higher the salary. Together, the pay and rank reforms can produce a better-paid police force. This helps reduce corruption levels and instil confidence from the public. As of 2012, the rank structure and monthly salary was as shown below. Table 2.0: showing monthly salary and Rank structure as of 2012:RankPay ratePatrolman$70/$80Sergeant$115/$140/$160Second Lieutenant$180First Lieutenant$200Senior Captain$250Major$300Lieutenant Colonel$350Colonel$400Brigadier General$55...

Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma Essay - 1232 Words

Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma (Part1) Voluntary/ Assisted Euthanasia By Feba Erattakulangara, Jacinda Koski, Nne Uyoh, Olga Gray Grand Canyon University Ethical Decision Making in Health Care NRS 437V February 24, 2013 Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma (Part1) Voluntary/ Assisted Euthanasia Amongst the multitude of ethical dilemmas in health care the debate about voluntary or assisted euthanasia presents to be the most controversial. For over two thousand years it has been a banned medical practice. In modern days there are several states in the United States of America which have legalized Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS). These states are: Oregon,†¦show more content†¦Based on her interactions with her mother and other medical and neurological tests, she was believed to be mentally disabled and not a brain-dead â€Å"vegetable†. Despite many legal battles which even ended up involving higher authorities, including the president, the Florida Supreme Court ruled all feeding withdrawal, which caused Terry’s death. For the first time in the United States of America society has been given an ability to put to death a profoundly disabled person even without that person’s clear consent. The ethical theory in the Terri Schiavo’ s case is an example of utilitarian theory and the principle of autonomy. Terri Schiavo had no advanced directive which could have declared her end of life wishes. The Florida law permits the spouse to be the legal guardian, and in this case Michael’s decision became higher than of Terri’s parents. Michael Schiavo made a statement that his wife would have not wanted to go on in a persistent vegetative state, which was used by Florida Judge in deciding her case. Patients in a vegetative state do not experience burdens or benefits. The signs of joy or pain cannot be detected in a normal fashion, making the principle of beneficence (promoting good) and nonmaleficence (avoiding harm) difficult to balance. Suffering is a conscious experience. Vegetative patients do not have consciousness as evidence show, they also do not experience hunger, thirst, or physical,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of Ethical Dilemma1261 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Ethical Dilemma Grand Canyon University NRS-437V Ethical Decision Making in Health Care Analysis of Ethical Dilemma Natural calamities are unpredictable phenomena’s where the damage may be countless and immeasurable examples of natural calamities are earthquakes, floods and famine. In situations like this relief operations are challenging even though many organizations and nations extend their resources to overcome the disaster. 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The Difference Between Langston Hughes And I Hear America...

In this essay I will be talking about the differences between Walt Whitmans poem â€Å" I Hear America Singing† and Langston Hughes poem â€Å" I, Too, Sing America†. I will also be giving my opinion on whether or not Langston Hughes is responding to Walt Whitmans poem. Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and a columnist from Joplin, Missouri. Walt Whitman was an American poet, essayist, and a journalist from West Hills, New York. This is all just background information about the two poets jobs and of where they came from. In the poem â€Å" I Hear America Singing† Walt Whitman talks about lots of different types of jobs and of their distinctive carols. He talks of mechanics and how their singing is blithe and†¦show more content†¦In I, Too, Sing America when Langston Hughes writes of a darker brother who is told to eat in the kitchen you know that he is talking about African Americans. In this poem Langston Hughe s writes a stanza that changes your idea of what the poem is about. He says â€Å" Tomorrow, I’ll be at the table when company comes. Nobody’ll dare say to me, â€Å"Eat in the Kitchen,† then†. This line is is clearly stating the main idea of the poem right there. It’s telling us of how now there is segregation, but one day in the future all men will be equal. In Walt Whitmans poem he talks about the American jobs and all the difference tunes they play while in Langston Hughes poem he talks about African Americans and how the future will be different. One may not be able to notice at first but these two poems share a lot of similarities. Both these poems state phrases such as â€Å" I, Too am America†, or â€Å" I hear America† in which both poets answer the question to who or what they think is America. Both poets reach different answers to this question as they explore this topic in their writing. Walt Whitmans poem shows a unified America all working together as one from the mechanic whose singing is blithe and strong to the delicious singing of the mother. In Langston Hughes poem it shows the injustice in not letting African Americans be part of this unified America, so it’s essentially an argument between the two poets as they argue back andShow MoreRelatedI Hear America Singing By Langston Hughes991 Words   |  4 Pages Langston Hughes spoke and captivated the general struggles of an African American’s life during the 1900s through his poem, â€Å"I, Too.† Hughes’ points out the injustice of bigotry or one’s beliefs in America, and his overall message is saying that an African American’s hard work is just as noteworthy as any other American. In contrast, Walt Whitman, author of â€Å"I Hear America Singing,† speaks about the employed citizens of America. 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Johnson wrote that the new racial poetry of the Negro is the expressionRead MoreAnalysis Of I Hear America Sing By Walt Whitman Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesBlack Poetry and cultural politics, Identity and resistance with reference to slam poetry culture America has been home to two major races being whites from Europe and the Black from Africa after the European conquest of America. The American society has been also divided into the racial lines of Blacks and Whites. As the blacks were only the slaves brought to America by Europeans from their African colonies in order to meet the labour needs. The blacks were deprived of any human right andRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. 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Those long winter nightsRead MoreTheme For History B 12 Years A Slave2487 Words   |  10 Pagescruel it was, but I would not know unless I actually had to experience it myself. I’m not a voyeur of slavery, but I am a spectator through reading and watching. I do not enjoy reading a novel or observing a film that involves anything with black suffering, but in contrast I believe that by engaging in this type of theatre you can become a witness. I use this source of entertainment to gain knowledge and learn a sense of entitlement to my own history. I am a black man in America with no known ancestralRead MoreEssay about A Raisin in the Sun1559 Words   |  7 Pageshousing segregation, but also foreshadowed the impending civil and women’s rights movements. Indeed, more than four years prior to Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech in Washington, D.C., Hansberry asked her audience to consider â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† (Hansberry 3). A rhetorical question, borrowed from the Langston Hughes poem that serves as an epitaph to her play and an inspiration for her title, Hansberry suggests that while delayed dreams may â€Å"dry up / Like a raisin in the

A Teacher Who Changed My Life Essay Example For Students

A Teacher Who Changed My Life Essay Teachers can have the influence that can change a student’s life forever. To make an impact on an eighth grade student is quite a challenge. I base my opinion on the importance of trusting others, because of an amazing teacher who taught me how to read; and is now like a sister to me. To make a difference in my life by simply noticing my style and my struggle really touched me. I had managed to make it to the eighth grade without ever really learning how to read. As much an embarrassment as it was, my teacher – Ms. Powell after asking me to read aloud in class, noticed my hesitation and my obvious sinking in the chair. She quickly guided the reading to another student and asked me if she could take me to the nurse’s office, stating that I looked a little pale. Even though I was not sick, a voice inside told me to get up and go with her, so with my curiosity getting the best of me, I was off my chair and following her outside into the hallway. There my teacher immediately took charge, addressed my issue with reading and from that moment on, became not only my teacher, but my mentor and my best friend. That school year changed my life! I was never the type of student to stand out in a crowd. In fact, I was more like a poster on the wall. A boring poster, one that everyone saw, read, and then immediately dismissed (like those posters of the digestive tract in human biology class). That was just fine with me, I never had the confidence to make friends or the ability to keep them. Actually, I walked away from the opportunity. I always worried someone would find out that I couldn’t read and my esteem would sink even lower than imaginable. I was content being nobody. At least I always thought so, then, Ms. Powell entered the stage and played her part so well. She was the only one who ever noticed me, pushed me, and forced me to realize that I was somebody, and not just anybody, but somebody who would someday make a difference whether or not I could read. However, if this was Something that would someday hold me back from what I was to accomplish, then we were going to put an end to it right now. None of my other teachers ever bothered to take the time to address my issue even when they saw me struggling with my reading. This always made me feel like I was not important and they verified it. How I continued to pass each grade up to the 8th (and I had six teachers in the 7th grade) was beyond me. At the end of each year my teachers informed me they passed me to the next grade, they followed it up with, â€Å"work on that reading kid. † The thought never crossed my mind that they were looking out for their own reputation and didnt really care, I just figured somehow I was getting lucky, some luck huh? I have to look back now and be thankful for the lack of instruction, they delivered me right into the hands of my personal savior, the woman who appears to me as an angel and brings peace of mind unbeknownst to me before, Ms. Powell. At this time of my life I called her Sister Sister, yes that was her. Sister’s husband had died several years back, â€Å"Choppy† she called him. They had been married almost 28 years when he passed – they were high school sweethearts. She had been married for almost 28 years and never knew her husband couldn’t read. He kept that secret from her until two weeks before he passed. .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 , .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .postImageUrl , .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 , .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795:hover , .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795:visited , .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795:active { border:0!important; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795:active , .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795 .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u877b371b8ccdeaa943977520966de795:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Leonardo da Vinci in our life Essay ThesisShe blamed herself for always being too busy with her students to even notice Choppy couldnt read. She promised him she would teach him but he made her promise this instead â€Å"don’t spend your gift of teaching on me Sissy – your love has always been enough. Spend the energy teaching someone who really needs you, they will come along, and when they do, youll know. † She looked for that person the first two years and never found anyone who really needed her help. She eventually gave up on looking for that special person and went about her day feeling beaten and alone. Then she asked a lonely, withdrawn, little girl to read, that girl was me. She immediately knew, she heard Choppy say â€Å"do your thing, Sissy†. She guided the reading away from me, and directed me to the nurse’s office. Meeting me in the hallway, she took my hand in hers and said to me – â€Å"It’s okay, I’m here to help,† I knew what she was talking about, I looked up at her the only time I ever locked eyes with another human, and in the most honest and sincere voice I’ve ever heard she said, â€Å"to overcome your struggle, with reading. All at once it hit me. I knew she meant it, she hugged me and I cried. I knew my life would change. Over the course of the next year, Sissy and I spent it together working daily to make sense of the words on the page. It was a trying time but through many tears, laughter, and a few weeks of fighting, Sissy accomplished something no one else could ever do, she taught me how to read. She brought me out of my darkened, lonely world and for the first time in my life I felt I was somebody special, someone important, and someone with a chance to be whatever I wanted to be, and be smiling with confidence the whole time I was doing it. At this time, I called her sister. Yes, sister, that was her name. To this day, we call each other on Sundays and I read a couple pages out of our favorite book, the one sister used to change my world, The Wizard of Oz, by Frank L. Baum. She loves the part about the scarecrow.

The Functionality of Google as a Corporation in China

The Google Corporation has been enjoying extreme benefits for many years in China, owing to the Country’s large population and popularity. This Google case study has seen many human right activists crying out because of the foul play by the government, which had set up regulations that would limit the functionality of Google as a corporation in China.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Functionality of Google as a Corporation in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government of China wanted all the companies, which deal with Information transfer to abide by the set rules without deviating. The main reason for the government’s cyber space control was that Google threatened to pull out its services from China. Google claimed that the Chinese government launched the cyber attacks in order to preview emails of the human rights activists with the purpose of ensuring its safety and enforcing more security. The main aim of the Chinese government was to filter out some internet content posted by Google, for maintaining strong possession of power and ensure that there were no threats from the outside world. This was a way of ensuring secrecy to the state policies. Google was the main target although the cyber space control affected other corporations like Yahoo and Adobe. When Google launched its search engine in 2006, it agreed to abide by the Chinese government’s terms and conditions to censor â€Å"Google.cn†. By doing so, Google facilitated the increase of the cyber space attack by allowing the rule that supports agonizing of human rights by the government. Google clients in China claimed that the corporation overturned its policy of â€Å"Don’t be Evil†, when it went to China and agreed on a censorship in 2006. Most of Google clients in China were stressful since Google prepared to leave china in protest of the attacks, while it initially a greed to initiate itself on the Censorship without involving the client. Initially Google was not concern about violation of clients’ rights by the government because of its business-establishment goals, but eventually after the attack, the situation affects the users. Google executives Larry Page and Sergey Bin had a difficult decision to make, whether to leave China or change their terms with the Chinese government, a process that would have seen them being fined. By breaking the contract bearing the terms of service that leads to internal security risks, the matter would then require legal solutions. The necessary rampage would include breaking Chinas network supply that monitors and limits information. This was the only right action as a fight for human rights of expressions. On the other hand, Google’s rival, Baidu, was spying on their progress for their hypocritical financial success. Market research companies reported that Google failed to capture the global mar ket with an estimate of 15-30 percent of the users compared to Baidu’s 70 percent.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Google aimed at stabilizing itself with a long-term strategy that would see them gain back their clients’ trust and have a higher market penetration after their revenue loss in China. Google would therefore still have a chance of coming back to the Chinese market and strategize their policies, which will make its clients feel appreciated (U.S. Department of State, 1). The best thing would be to use a strategy that would help Google avoid similar scenarios as what led to their doom in China. They should ensure that they follow up their policies, rules and regulations to avoid conflicts with other states when marketing their products and services globally. Google should make sure that other countries which do business with China, like US are not following in the steps for a new cyber space attack. Work Cited U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, â€Å"Background Note: China,† 2010. Web. https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-china/ This assessment on The Functionality of Google as a Corporation in China was written and submitted by user Aniya Dudley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Density Metal Lab Essays

Density Metal Lab Essays Density Metal Lab Essay Density Metal Lab Essay I. Purpose and Procedure In this experiment, groups were each given two unknown metals in which they had to find the mass, volume, and density. After finding the density of the unknown metals by dividing the mass by the volume, the groups had to exchange data and find the average densities of the two unknown metals. A table of accepted value of metals and their densities was given out to each group so they could match the average densities to the accepted values and identify what they unknown metals were. The objective of this lab was to determine the identity of unknown metals by calculating their densities, and to determine a graphical relationship between the mass and volume of a given substance. Each group was given two unknown metals, a 100 ml graduated cylinder, a balance, and a weighing boat. To find the mass, the experimenters had to weigh the empty weighing boat. After, they had to weigh the unknown metal in the boat. Then, they had to subtract the mass of the weighing boat from the mass of unknown metal to figure out Just the mass of the metal. Lead is known to be denser than other metals, and it is a dark gray metal. The data of Unknown Metal 1 matches the qualities of lead. For Unknown Metal 2, the experimenters believe that the metal is aluminum. The average density of Unknown Metal 2 from the seven groups was 2. 4 g/CM. The accepted value density of aluminum is 2. 7 g/CM. There is only around an 11 percent error. Aluminum is known to be a very light metal and the masses of Unknown Metal 2 were very light. Also, each group described Unknown Metal 2 as a light gray. That is values and the accepted values, the more accurate the groups were. Both percent errors were under 15 percent which implies that the groups were fairly accurate while conducting this experiment. There were a few sources of error during this experiment. The first error was the balance. The balances were extremely sensitive and could not register a final mass because they kept changing masses. Another source of error had to do with weighing the metals. A weighing boat was used to keep the metal from spilling while someone weighed it. Some groups may have forgotten to subtract the weighing boat mass from the mass of the metal in the weighing boat. Other than that, the experiment went well.

Sarbanes-Oxley and Enron Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sarbanes-Oxley and Enron - Research Paper Example The accounting profession is self-regulated and its practitioners are supposed to follow the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The GAAP framework was created in 1973 by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB). In order for accounting to function properly the practice requires compliance of high ethical standards. Back at the beginning of the 21st century there was an avalanche of accounting scandals with the most notorious one being the Enron case. At the time investor confidence went down a lot as the credibility of the accounting profession came into question. In order to raise investor confidence the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in alliance with the US congress passed a law called the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Enron case and to provide a detail analysis of the different aspects included in the Sarbanes and Oxley Act of 2002. The Enron Corporation is one of the worst cases of corporate corruption Ameri ca has ever seen. The situation was very odd due to the fact that Enron Corporation was regarded as one of most respected companies in the energy industry in the late 1990’s and at the beginning of the 21st century. ... e its collapse the firm was the 7th largest company in the United States with over 21,000 employees on payroll including an international operation that spread across 40 countries (Bbc). On December 2, 2001 Enron Corporation file for bankruptcy which at the time was the biggest bankruptcy in the United States history. The demise of Enron occurred due to a lack of corporate ethics. The unethical behavior started at the executive management level and spread throughout the organization like a virus. An example of how unethical the employees had become is the actions of the energy traders. The traders would intentionally shutdown power grids leaving entire towns without energy with the sole purpose of driving the price of energy up once the energy was turned back on. A lack of ethics and corruption was more evident at the executive management corporate level. The managers of the company were cooking up the accounting numbers of the firm. The corrupt managers colluded with its auditor, Au thor Anderson, so that they would look the other way and not revealed the fact the accounting numbers did not add up. A technique the firm used to hide losses and its debt was designing a complex web of partnership which used off-balance sheet accounting to alter reality. The firm completely mismanaged the pension fund of the employees. Instead of saving the pension money and using a sound diversification strategy the managers decided to use the pension fund to finance the firm’s illicit activities. The fund was depleted and invested solely in Enron common stocks. The managers of Enron prior to the full scandal being revealed decided to sell all their shares of Enron stocks at full market value; a few months later the Enron stocks became junk penny stocks. Insider trading is an illicit